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<title>PostGIS</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">PostGIS</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">PostGIS</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Refractions Research, Paul Ramsey, Dave Blasby, Mark Cave-Ayland, Regina Obe, Sandro Santilli, Olivier Courtin, Nicklas Avén, Bborie Park, Pierre Racine, Daniel Baston, Darafei Praliaskouski, Raúl Marín Rodríguez, Kevin Neufeld, Jeff Lounsbury, Chris Hodgson, Jorge Arévalo, Mateusz Loskot, Norman Vine, Carl Anderson, Ralph Mason, Klaus Foerster, Bruno Wolff III, Markus Schaber</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">19 April 2001<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001-04-19</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">3.5.2<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-0416f5d8a2ac0f677b2a7c49fe4ab652cf01896e-v20_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-0416f5d8a2ac0f677b2a7c49fe4ab652cf01896e-v20-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 

/ 18 January 2025<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">18 January 2025</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.osgeo.org/gitea/postgis/postgis">git<wbr>.osgeo<wbr>.org<wbr>/gitea<wbr>/postgis<wbr>/postgis</a></span> </li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a>, <a href="POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>-compliant systems</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> (version 2 or later)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postgis.net/">postgis<wbr>.net</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>PostGIS</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</span></span> <i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">POST</span>-jis</i>) is an open source software program that adds support for geographic objects to the <a href="PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> object-relational database. PostGIS follows the <a href="Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">Simple Features</a> for SQL specification from the <a href="Open_Geospatial_Consortium" title="Open Geospatial Consortium">Open Geospatial Consortium</a> (OGC).

</p><p>PostGIS is implemented as a <i>PostgreSQL external extension</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2></div>

<ul><li>Geometry types for Points, LineStrings, Polygons, MultiPoints, MultiLineStrings, MultiPolygons, GeometryCollections, 3D types TINS and polyhedral surfaces, including solids.</li>

<li>Spheroidal types under the geography datatype Points, LineStrings, Polygons, MultiPoints, MultiLineStrings, MultiPolygons and GeometryCollections.</li>

<li>raster type - supports various pixel types and more than 1000 bands per raster. Since PostGIS 3, is a separate PostgreSQL extension called postgis_raster.</li>

<li>SQL/MM Topology support - via PostgreSQL extension postgis_topology.</li>

<li>Spatial predicates for determining the interactions of geometries using the 3x3 <a href="DE-9IM" title="DE-9IM">DE-9IM</a> (provided by the <a href="GEOS_(software_library)" class="mw-redirect" title="GEOS (software library)">GEOS</a> software library).</li>

<li>Spatial operators for determining geospatial measurements like area, distance, length and perimeter.</li>

<li>Spatial operators for determining geospatial set operations, like union, difference, symmetric difference and buffers (provided by GEOS).</li>

<li><a href="R-tree" title="R-tree">R-tree</a>-over-<a href="GiST" title="GiST">GiST</a> (Generalized Search Tree) spatial indexes for high speed spatial querying.</li>

<li>Index selectivity support, to provide high performance <a href="Query_plan" title="Query plan">query plans</a> for mixed spatial/non-spatial queries.</li></ul>

<p>The PostGIS implementation is based on "light-weight" geometries and indexes optimized to reduce disk and <a href="Memory_footprint" title="Memory footprint">memory footprint</a>. Using light-weight geometries helps servers increase the amount of data migrated up from physical disk storage into RAM, improving query performance substantially.

</p><p>PostGIS is registered as "implements the specified standard" for "Simple Features for SQL" by the OGC.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PostGIS has not been certified as compliant by the OGC.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>May of 2001, at that point I was running a small consulting company here in Victoria, working for the provincial government, mostly working in the geospatial field. Because all of our contracts came from the provincial government, we were very tied to the cycle of when they would release and sign contracts. And the government changed that year, so all the civil servants were very risk averse in terms of signing new contract contracts. They didn't know whether what their budget situation was going to be that year.<br><br>

So we ended up having like three months where we got almost no direct revenue. We, you know, didn't all go on vacation for three months. We were kind of young, excited about the field. So we thought, you know, let's see if we can build something to store the spatial data in a database. And we had used Postgres for one of our data processing projects the year previous, so we were kind of familiar with it. And that experimental work in the spring of 2001 ended up being released at the end of May 2001 as PostGIS version 0.1.</p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">— Paul Ramsey (8 September 2023) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pathtocituscon.transistor.fm/episodes/why-people-care-about-postgis-and-postgres-with-paul-ramsey-regina-obe/transcript">Why people care about PostGIS and Postgres</a>" Path To Citus Con</p></div>

<p>Refractions Research released the first version of PostGIS in 2001 under the <a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>. After six <a href="Release_candidate" class="mw-redirect" title="Release candidate">release candidates</a>, a stable "1.0" version followed on 19 April 2005.

</p><p>In 2006 the OGC registered PostGIS as "implement[ing] the specified standard" for "Simple Features for SQL".<sup id="cite_ref-history_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<caption>Release history <small>(as of 29th September 2024)</small>

</caption>

<th scope="col">Release

</th>

<th scope="col">First release

</th>

<th scope="col">Latest minor version

</th>

<th scope="col">Latest release

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<th scope="row">1.0

</th>

<td style="white-space:nowrap">2005-04-19

</td>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122); text-align:center; white-space:nowrap" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="1.0.6"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 1.0.6<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1295599781">

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<th scope="row">1.1

</th>

<td style="white-space:nowrap">2005-12-21

</td>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122); text-align:center; white-space:nowrap" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="1.1.7"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 1.1.7

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">1.2

</th>

<td>2006-12-08

</td>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122); text-align:center" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="1.2.1"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 1.2.1

</td>

</td></tr>

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<th scope="row">1.3

</th>

<td>2007-08-09

</td>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122); text-align:center" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="1.3.6"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 1.3.6

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">1.4

</th>

<td>2009-07-24

</td>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122); text-align:center" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="1.4.2"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 1.4.2

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">1.5

</th>

<td>2010-02-04

</td>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122); text-align:center" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="1.5.8"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 1.5.8

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">2.0

</th>

<td>2012-04-03

</td>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122); text-align:center" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="2.0.7"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 2.0.7

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">2.1

</th>

<td>2013-08-17

</td>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122); text-align:center" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="2.1.9"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 2.1.9

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">2.2

</th>

<td>2015-10-07

</td>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122); text-align:center" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="2.2.8"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 2.2.8

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">2.3

</th>

<td>2016-09-26

</td>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122); text-align:center" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="2.3.10"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 2.3.10

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">2.4

</th>

<td>2017-09-30

</td>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122); text-align:center" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="2.4.10"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 2.4.10

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">2.5

</th>

<td>2018-09-23

</td>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122); text-align:center" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="2.5.9"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 2.5.9

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">3.0

</th>

<td>2019-10-20

</td>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-maintained" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122); text-align:center" title="Supported" data-sort-value="3.0.9"><span style="display: none;">Supported:</span> 3.0.9

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">3.1

</th>

<td>2020-12-18

</td>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-maintained" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122); text-align:center" title="Supported" data-sort-value="3.1.9"><span style="display: none;">Supported:</span> 3.1.9

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">3.2

</th>

<td>2021-12-18

</td>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-maintained" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122); text-align:center" title="Supported" data-sort-value="3.2.5"><span style="display: none;">Supported:</span> 3.2.5

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">3.3

</th>

<td>2023-05-29

</td>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-maintained" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122); text-align:center" title="Supported" data-sort-value="3.3.4"><span style="display: none;">Supported:</span> 3.3.4

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">3.4

</th>

<td>2023-08-15

</td>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-maintained" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122); text-align:center" title="Supported" data-sort-value="3.4.3"><span style="display: none;">Supported:</span> 3.4.3

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">3.5

</th>

<td>2025-01-18

</td>

<td class="templateVersion c swatch-latest" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122); text-align:center" title="Latest version" data-sort-value="3.5.2"><span style="display: none;">Latest version:</span> <span style="font-weight: 600">3.5.2 </span>

</td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="templateVersion l version-legend" style=""><div style=""><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>Legend:</b></span></div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item">Unsupported</div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item">Supported</div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item"><b>Latest version</b></div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item">Preview version</div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item">Future version</div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Users">Users</h2></div>

<p>Many software products can use PostGIS as a database backend, including:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="ArcGIS" title="ArcGIS">ArcGIS</a> (via GISquirrel, ST-Links SpatialKit, ZigGIS, ArcSDE and other third-party connectors)</li>

<li><a href="Cadcorp" title="Cadcorp">Cadcorp</a> SIS</li>

<li><a href="Carto_(company)" title="Carto (company)">Carto</a></li>

<li><a href="CockroachDB" title="CockroachDB">CockroachDB</a></li>

<li><a href="GeoMedia" title="GeoMedia">GeoMedia</a> (via third-party connectors)</li>

<li><a href="GeoServer" title="GeoServer">GeoServer</a> (GPL)</li>

<li><a href="GeoNetwork_opensource" title="GeoNetwork opensource">GeoNetwork</a> (GPL)</li>

<li><a href="GRASS_GIS" title="GRASS GIS">GRASS GIS</a> (GPL)</li>

<li><a href="GvSIG" title="GvSIG">gvSIG</a> (GPL)</li>

<li><a href="Kosmo_(GIS)" title="Kosmo (GIS)">Kosmo</a> (GPL)</li>

<li><a href="Manifold_System" title="Manifold System">Manifold System</a></li>

<li><a href="MapInfo_Professional" class="mw-redirect" title="MapInfo Professional">MapInfo Professional</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapnik" title="Mapnik">Mapnik</a> (LGPL)</li>

<li><a href="MapServer" title="MapServer">MapServer</a> (<a href="BSD_Licenses" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD Licenses">BSD</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Maptitude" title="Maptitude">Maptitude</a></li>

<li><a href="MapGuide" class="mw-redirect" title="MapGuide">MapGuide</a> (<a href="LGPL" class="mw-redirect" title="LGPL">LGPL</a>)</li>

<li><a href="OpenJUMP" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenJUMP">OpenJUMP</a> (GPL)</li>

<li><a href="OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li>

<li><a href="TerraLib" title="TerraLib">TerraLib</a> (LGPL)</li>

<li><a href="TerraView" class="mw-redirect" title="TerraView">TerraView</a> (GPL)</li>

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<ul><li><a href="Well-known_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Well-known text">Well-known text</a> and binary, descriptions of geospatial objects used within PostGIS</li>

<li><a href="DE-9IM" title="DE-9IM">DE-9IM</a>, the Dimensionally Extended nine-Intersection Model used by PostGIS</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postgis.net/2025/01/PostGIS-3.5.2/">"PostGIS 3.5.2"</a>. 18 January 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/external-extensions.html">"H.4. Extensions"</a>. 10 February 2022.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengeospatial.org/resource/products/details/?pid=509">OGC Implementing Product Details</a> Open Geospatial Consortium</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-history-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://refractions.net/products/postgis/history/">PostGIS History</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postgis.net/2005/12/06/postgis-1-0-6-released/">PostGIS 1.0.6 Released</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postgis.net/2007/01/11/postgis-1-2-1-release/">PostGIS 1.2.1 Release</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postgis.net/2009/05/06/postgis-1-3-6-release/">PostGIS 1.3.6 Release</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postgis.net/2010/03/11/postgis-1-4-2-release/">PostGIS 1.4.2 Release</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.postgis.net/2012/11/15/postgis-1-5-8/">PostGIS 1.5.8 Released</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postgis.net/2015/04/06/postgis-2.1.7/">PostGIS 2.0.7 and 2.1.7 Released</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.postgis.net/2017/09/19/postgis-2.1.9/">PostGIS 2.1.9 Released</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postgis.net/2018/11/22/postgis-2.2.8/">PostGIS 2.2.8 EOL</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2019-08-11-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2019-08-11_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postgis.net/2019/08/11/postgis-patches/">PostGIS 3.0.0alpha4, 2.5.3, 2.4.8, 2.3.10 Released</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2022-04-24-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2022-04-24_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postgis.net/2022/04/24/postgis-2.4.10/">PostGIS 2.4.10 Released</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2022-11-12-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2022-11-12_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postgis.net/2022/11/PostGIS-2.5.9-EOL/">PostGIS 2.5.9 Released</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2023-05-29-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2023-05-29_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2023-05-29_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2023-05-29_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postgis.net/2023/05/PostGIS-3.3.3-3.2.5-3.1.9-3.0.9-Patch-Releases//">"PostGIS 3.3.3, 3.2.5, 3.1.9, 3.0.9 Patch Releases"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2023-07-28-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2023-07-28_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postgis.net/2023/07/PostGIS-3.3.4-Patch-Release/">"PostGIS 3.3.4 Patch Release"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2024-09-04-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2024-09-04_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postgis.net/2024/09/PostGIS-3.4.3/">"PostGIS 3.4.3"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2025-01-18-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2025-01-18_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postgis.net/2025/01/PostGIS-3.5.2/">"PostGIS 3.5.2"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postgis.net/">Official website</a></span></span> </li></ul>

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